CVE-2020-1472: Advanced Persistent Threat Actors Use Zerologon Vulnerability In Exploit Chain with Unpatched Vulnerabilities

U.S. Government agencies issue joint cybersecurity advisory cautioning that advanced threat groups are chaining vulnerabilities together to gain entry into government networks and elevate privileges.

Background

On October 9, the Cybersecurity Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) published a joint cybersecurity advisory. The advisory, identified as Alert AA20-283A, provides insight into advanced persistent threat (APT) actors’ activity against networks associated with federal and state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) governments. The alert details how APT actors are using vulnerability chaining or exploit chaining, incorporating a recently disclosed elevation of privilege vulnerability in their attacks.

The following is a list of vulnerabilities referenced in the CISA/FBI joint cybersecurity alert:

*Please note Tenable VPR scores are calculated nightly. This blog post was published on October 12 and reflects VPR at that time.

Analysis

Initial access gained through SSL VPN vulnerability

According to the CISA/FBI alert, the APT actors are “predominantly” using CVE-2018-13379 to gain initial access to target environments.

CVE-2018-13379 is a path traversal vulnerability in Fortinet’s FortiOS Secure Socket Layer (SSL) virtual private network (VPN) solution. It was patched by Fortinet in April 2019. However, it wasn’t until after exploitation details were made public in August 2019 that reports emerged of attackers exploiting it in the wild.

In addition to the Fortinet vulnerability being used to gain initial access, CISA/FBI have also observed “to a lesser extent,” APT actors using CVE-2020-15505, a remote code execution vulnerability in MobileIron’s Core and Connector.

Post exploitation elevation of privilege using Zerologon

Once the APT actors have gained an initial foothold into their target environments, they are elevating privileges using CVE-2020-1472, a critical elevation of privilege vulnerability in Microsoft’s Netlogon. Dubbed “Zerologon,” the vulnerability has gained notoriety after it was initially patched in Microsoft’s August Patch Tuesday release.

On September 18, CISA issued Emergency Directive 20-04 in an effort to ensure Federal Civilian Executive Branch systems were patched against the vulnerability.

Zerologon observed as part of attacks in the wild

On September 23, Microsoft’s Security Intelligence team tweeted that they had observed the Zerologon exploits being “incorporated into attacker playbooks” as part of threat actor activity.

Microsoft is actively tracking threat actor activity using exploits for the CVE-2020-1472 Netlogon EoP vulnerability, dubbed Zerologon. We have observed attacks where public exploits have been incorporated into attacker playbooks.

— Microsoft Security Intelligence (@MsftSecIntel) September 24, 2020

In a follow-up tweet on October 6, Microsoft’s Security Intelligence team noted a new campaign leveraging CVE-2020-1472 originating from a threat actor known as CHIMBORAZO, also known as TA505, a financially motivated nation-state actor.

We’re seeing more activity leveraging the CVE-2020-1472 exploit (ZeroLogon). A new campaign shrewdly poses as software updates that connect to known CHIMBORAZO (TA505) C2 infrastructure. The fake updates lead to UAC bypass and use of wscript.exe to run malicious scripts.

— Microsoft Security Intelligence (@MsftSecIntel) October 6, 2020

CISA/FBI warn of additional vulnerabilities being targeted for initial access

In addition to the Fortinet and MobileIron vulnerabilities identified in recent campaigns, the CISA/FBI alert also warns that these APT threat actors may also leverage one of the following vulnerabilities to gain entry into their targeted networks:

• CVE-2019-11510 is an arbitrary file disclosure vulnerability in Pulse Connect Secure SSL VPN
• CVE-2019-19781 is a path traversal vulnerability in Citrix Application Delivery Controller (ADC), Citrix Gateway and Citrix SD-WAN WANOP appliances
• CVE-2020-1631 is a local file inclusion (LFI) vulnerability in Juniper’s Junos OS HTTP/HTTPS service
• CVE-2020-2021 is an authentication bypass vulnerability in the Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) authentication in PAN-OS when certain prerequisites are met
• CVE-2020-5902 is a path traversal vulnerability in the traffic management user interface (TMUI) in F5’s BIG-IP application delivery service.

Evergreen vulnerabilities remain popular amongst threat actors

Many of the vulnerabilities referenced in this joint alert from CISA/FBI have become evergreen flaws for threat actors. As part of CISA’s Top 10 Routinely Exploited Vulnerabilities alert, they reference both the Pulse Secure and Citrix ADC vulnerabilities.

In September, CISA issued two separate alerts (AA20-258A, AA20-259A) that highlight how APT actors from China and Iran are targeting unpatched vulnerabilities in Pulse Connect Secure, Citrix ADC, and F5’s BIG-IP.

Elections support systems accessed, yet elections data integrity intact

In Alert AA20-283A, CISA mentions that they observed activity that “resulted in unauthorized access to elections support systems.” However, they also mention that despite said unauthorized access, they have no evidence to support that the “integrity of elections data has been compromised.”

Zerologon needs to be patched immediately

With the latest alert from CISA and the FBI, coupled with reporting from other vendors, it seems clear that Zerologon is becoming one of the most critical vulnerabilities of 2020.

Proof of concept

A number of proofs-of-concept (PoC) and exploit scripts were made available soon after these vulnerabilities were publicly disclosed. The following is a subset of some of the PoCs and exploit scripts:

Solution

Patches are available for all of the vulnerabilities referenced in the joint cybersecurity advisory from CISA and the FBI. Most of the vulnerabilities had patches available for them following their disclosure, with the exception of CVE-2019-19781, which received patches a month after it was originally disclosed.

Please refer to the individual advisories below for further details.

Identifying affected systems

A list of Tenable plugins to identify these vulnerabilities can be found here:

• CVE-2019-11510
• CVE-2018-13379
• CVE-2019-19781
• CVE-2020-1631
• CVE-2020-2021
• CVE-2020-5902
• CVE-2020-15505
• CVE-2020-1472
• All CVEs combined

Get more information

• CISA/FBI Alert: APT Actors Chaining Vulnerabilities
• CISA Top 10 Routinely Exploited Vulnerabilities
• Tenable Blog for CISA Alerts AA20-258A, AA20-259A
• Tenable Blog for CVE-2019-11510
• Tenable Blog for CVE-2018-13379 and CVE-2019-11510 Exploited in the Wild
• Tenable Blog for CVE-2019-11510 Used in Ransomware Attacks
• Tenable Blog for CVE-2019-19781
• Tenable Blog for CVE-2019-19781 Exploit Scripts
• Tenable Blog for CVE-2019-19781 Exploited in the Wild
• Tenable Blog for CVE-2020-2021
• Tenable Blog for CVE-2020-5902
• Tenable Blog for CVE-2020-1472

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